Classification Turkic languages

relative numbers of speakers of turkic languages

for centuries, turkic-speaking peoples have migrated extensively , intermingled continuously, , languages have been influenced mutually , through contact surrounding languages, iranian, slavic, , mongolic languages.

this has obscured historical developments within each language and/or language group, , result, there exist several systems classify turkic languages. modern genetic classification schemes turkic still largely indebted samoilovich (1922).

the turkic languages may divided 6 branches:

common turkic

southwestern (oghuz turkic)
northwestern (kipchak turkic)
southeastern (karluk turkic)
northeastern (siberian turkic)
arghu turkic


oghur turkic

in classification, oghur turkic referred lir-turkic, , other branches subsumed under title of shaz-turkic or common turkic. not clear when these 2 major types of turkic can assumed have diverged.

with less certainty, southwestern, northwestern, southeastern , oghur groups may further summarized west turkic, northeastern, kyrgyz-kipchak , arghu (khalaj) groups east turkic.

geographically , linguistically, languages of northwestern , southeastern subgroups belong central turkic languages, while northeastern , khalaj languages so-called peripheral languages.

schema

the following isoglosses traditionally used in classification of turkic languages:

rhotacism (or in views, zetacism), e.g. in last consonant of word 9 *toqqız. separates oghur branch, exhibits /r/, rest of turkic, exhibits /z/. in case, rhotacism refers development of *-/r/, *-/z/, , *-/d/ /r/,*-/k/,*-/kh/ in branch. see antonov , jacques (2012) on debate concerning rhotacism , lambdacism in turkic.
intervocalic *d, e.g. second consonant in word foot *hadaq
word-final -g, e.g. in word mountain *tāğ
suffix-final -g, e.g. in suffix *lig, in e.g. *tāğlığ

additional isoglosses include:

preservation of word initial *h, e.g. in word foot *hadaq. separates khalaj peripheral language.
denasalisation of palatal *ń, e.g. in word moon , *ań

*in standard istanbul dialect of turkish, ğ in dağ , dağlık not realized consonant, slight lengthening of preceding vowel.

members

the following table based upon classification scheme presented lars johanson (1998)