History Turkic languages

1 history

1.1 pre-history
1.2 written records
1.3 geographical expansion , development

history

the geographical distribution of turkic-speaking peoples across eurasia ranges north-east of siberia turkey in west, since ottoman era (see picture in box on right above).

pre-history

extensive contact took place between proto-turks , proto-mongols approximately during first millennium bc; shared cultural tradition between 2 eurasian nomadic groups called turco-mongol tradition. 2 groups shared religion, tengrism, , there exists multitude of evident loanwords between turkic languages , mongolic languages. although loans bidirectional, today turkic loanwords constitute largest foreign component in mongolian vocabulary. famous of these loanwords include lion (turkish: aslan or arslan; mongolian: arslan), gold (turkish: altın; mongolian: altan or alt), , iron (turkish: demir; mongolian: tömör).

some lexical , extensive typological similarities between turkic , nearby tungusic , mongolic families, korean , japonic families (all formerly considered part of so-called altaic language family) has in more recent years been instead attributed prehistoric contact amongst group, referred northeast asian sprachbund. more recent (circa first millennium bce) contact between core altaic (turkic, mongolic, , tungusic) distinguished this, due existence of definitive common words appear have been borrowed turkic mongolic, , later mongolic tungusic, turkic borrowings mongolic outnumber mongolic borrowings turkic, , turkic , tungusic not share words not exist in mongolic.

early written records

the first established records of turkic languages eighth century ad orkhon inscriptions göktürks, recording old turkic language, discovered in 1889 in orkhon valley in mongolia. compendium of turkic dialects (divânü lügati t-türk), written during 11th century ad kaşgarlı mahmud of kara-khanid khanate, constitutes linguistic treatment of family. compendium first comprehensive dictionary of turkic languages , includes first known map of turkic speakers geographical distribution. pertains southwestern branch of family.

the codex cumanicus (12th–13th centuries ad) concerning northwestern branch linguistic manual, between kipchak language , latin, used catholic missionaries sent western cumans inhabiting region corresponding present-day hungary , romania. earliest records of language spoken volga bulgars, parent today s chuvash language, dated 13th–14th centuries ad.

geographical expansion , development

with turkic expansion during middle ages (c. 6th–11th centuries ad), turkic languages, in course of few centuries, spread across central asia, siberia mediterranean. various terminologies turkic languages have passed persian, hindustani, russian, chinese, , lesser extent, arabic.