By country Nativism (politics)

1 country

1.1 australia
1.2 brazil
1.3 canada
1.4 china (hong kong)
1.5 european countries
1.6 pakistan
1.7 taiwan
1.8 united kingdom
1.9 united states

1.9.1 anti-catholic nativism in 19th century
1.9.2 anti-german nativism
1.9.3 anti-chinese nativism
1.9.4 20th century
1.9.5 21st century
1.9.6 language

by country
australia

many australians opposed influx of chinese immigrants @ time of nineteenth-century gold rushes. when separate australian colonies formed commonwealth of australia in 1901, new nation adopted white australia 1 of founding principles. under white australia policy, entry of chinese , other asians remained controversial until after world war ii, although country remained home many long-established chinese families dating before adoption of white australia. contrast, pacific islanders deported after policy adopted, while remainder forced out of canefields had worked decades.

hostility of native-born white australians toward british , irish immigrants in late 19th century manifested in new party, australian natives association.

since 2000, opposition has mounted asylum seekers arriving in boats indonesia.

brazil

brazilian elites desired racial whitening of country, happened in argentina , uruguay, stimulated european immigration, non-white immigration face huge backlash. on july 28, 1921, representatives andrade bezerra , cincinato braga proposed law article 1 provided: immigration of individuals black race brazil prohibited. on october 22, 1923, representative fidélis reis produced bill on entry of immigrants, fifth article follows: entry of settlers black race brazil prohibited. asian [immigrants] there allowed each year number equal 5% of residing in country.(...) .

in 19th , 20th centuries, there negative feelings toward communities of german, italian, japanese, , jewish immigrants, conserved language , culture instead of adopting portuguese , brazilian habit (so nowadays brazil has biggest communities in americas of speakers of german , venetian), seen particularly tendentious form ghettos, had high rates of endogamy (in brazil, regarded usual people of different backgrounds miscegenate), among other concerns.

it affected more harshly japanese, because asian, , seen obstacle of whitening of brazil. oliveira viana, brazilian jurist, historian , sociologist described japanese immigrants follows: (japanese) sulfur: insoluble . brazilian magazine o malho in edition of december 5, 1908 issued charge of japanese immigrants following legend: government of são paulo stubborn. after failure of first japanese immigration, contracted 3,000 yellow people. insists on giving brazil race diametrically opposite ours . in 1941, brazilian minister of justice, francisco campos, defended ban on admission of 400 japanese immigrants in são paulo , wrote: despicable standard of living brutal competition country s worker; selfishness, bad faith, refractory character, make them huge ethnic , cultural cyst located in richest regions of brazil .

some years before world war ii, government of president getúlio vargas initiated process of forced assimilation of people of immigrant origin in brazil. constitution of 1934 had legal provision subject: concentration of immigrants anywhere in country prohibited; law should govern selection, location , assimilation of alien . assimilationist project affected german, italian, japanese , jewish immigrants , descendants.

during world war ii seen more loyal countries of origin brazil. in fact, there violent revolts in japanese community of states of são paulo , paraná when emperor hirohito declared japan surrendered , not deity, thought conspiracy trying hurt japanese honor , strength. nevertheless, followed hostility government. japanese brazilian community marked restrictive measures when brazil declared war against japan in august 1942. japanese brazilians not travel country without safe conduct issued police; on 200 japanese schools closed , radio equipment seized prevent transmissions on short wave japan. goods of japanese companies confiscated , several companies of japanese origin had interventions, including newly founded banco américa sul. japanese brazilians prohibited driving motor vehicles (even if taxi drivers), buses or trucks on property. drivers employed japanese had have permission police. thousands of japanese immigrants arrested or expelled brazil on suspicion of espionage. there many anonymous denunciations because of activities against national security arising disagreements between neighbours, recovery of debts , fights between children. japanese brazilians arrested suspicious activity when in artistic meetings or picnics. on july 10, 1943, approximately 10,000 japanese , german immigrants lived in santos had 24 hours close homes , businesses , move away brazilian coast. police acted without notice. 90% of people displaced japanese. reside in baixada santista, japanese had have safe conduct. in 1942, japanese community introduced cultivation of pepper in tomé-açu, in pará, virtually turned concentration camp (expression of time) no japanese leave. time, brazilian ambassador in washington, d.c., carlos martins pereira e sousa, encouraged government of brazil transfer japanese brazilians internment camps without need legal support, in same manner done japanese residents in united states. no single suspicion of activities of japanese against national security confirmed.

nowadays, nativism in brazil affects migrants elsewhere in third world, such new wave of levantine arabs (this time, muslim palestine instead of overwhelmingly christian syria , lebanon), south , east asians (primarily mainland chinese), spanish-speakers , amerindians neighboring south american countries and, especially, west africans , haitians. following 2010 haiti earthquake , considerable illegal immigration northern brazil , são paulo, subsequent debate in population concerned reasons why brazil has such lax laws , enforcement concerning illegal immigration.

according 1988 s brazilian constitution, unbailable crime address in offensive racist way, , illegal discriminate on basis of or race, skin color, national or regional origin or nationality (for more, see anti-discrimination laws in brazil), nativism , opposition multiculturalism of polemic , delicate topic openly discussed basic ideology of right-leaning modern political parties.

canada

nativism common in canada (though term originated in u.s.). took several forms. hostility chinese , other asians intense, , involved provincial laws hindered immigration of chinese , japanese , blocked economic mobility. in 1942 japanese canadians forced detention camps in response japanese aggression in world war ii.

throughout 19th century, 20th, orange order in canada attacked , tried politically defeat irish catholics. ku klux klan spread in mid-1920s u.s. parts of canada, saskatchewan, helped topple liberal government. klan creed was, historian martin robin argues, in mainstream of protestant canadian sentiment, based on protestantism, separation of church , state, pure patriotism, restrictive , selective immigration, 1 national public school, 1 flag , 1 language—english.

in world war i, canadian naturalized citizens of german or austrian origins stripped of right vote, , tens of thousands of ukrainians (who born in austro-hungarian empire) rounded , put in internment camps.

hostility of native-born canadians competition english immigrants in 20th century expressed in signs read, no english need apply! resentment came because immigrants identified more england canada.

in british empire, traditions of anti-catholicism in britain led fears catholics threat national (british) values. in canada, orange order (of irish protestants) campaigned vigorously against catholics throughout 19th century, violent confrontations. both sides immigrants ireland , neither side claimed loyalty canada. orange order less influential in u.s., after major riot in new york city in 1871.

china (hong kong)

nativism in hong kong used synonymy localism, strives autonomy of hong kong , resist china s authorities influence in city. in addition strong anti-communist , pro-democracy tendency, holds strong anti-mainland sentiments, influx of mainland tourists , immigrants, seeing them threat hong kong identity , culture.

european countries

for poles in mining districts of western germany before 1914, nationalism (on both german , polish sides), kept polish workers, had established associational structure approaching institutional completeness (churches, voluntary associations, press, unions), separate host german society. lucassen found religiosity , nationalism more fundamental in generating nativism , inter-group hostility labor antagonism.

once italian workers in france had understood benefit of unionism , french unions willing overcome fear of italians strikebreakers, integration open italian immigrants. french state, more of immigration state prussia, germany or great britain, fostered , supported family-based immigration , helped italians on immigration trajectory minimal nativism. (lucassen 2005)

many observers see post-1950s wave of immigration in europe fundamentally different pre-1914 patterns. debate role of cultural differences, ghettos, race, muslim fundamentalism, poor education , poverty play in creating nativism among hosts , caste-type underclass, more similar white-black tensions in (lucassen 2005). algerian migration france has generated nativism, characterized prominence of jean-marie le pen , national front. (lucassen 2005)

pakistan

the pakistani province of sindh has seen nativist movements, promoting control sindhi people on homeland. after 1947 partition of india, large numbers of muhajir people migrating india entered province, becoming majority in provincial capital city of karachi, formerly had ethnically sindhi majority. sindhis have voiced opposition promotion of urdu, opposed native tongue, sindhi.

these nativist movements expressed through sindhi nationalism , sindhudesh separatist movement. nativist , nationalist sentiments increased after independence of bangladesh pakistan in 1971.

taiwan

nativism flourished in taiwan in 1970s reaction against influx of mainland chinese island after kuomintang s defeat in 1949. nativists felt political influence of mainland chinese disproportionately large. term found in field of literature, nativist literature more traditionally minded modernist literature written largely mainland chinese.

united kingdom

london notorious xenophobia in 16th century, , conditions worsened in 1580s. many immigrants became disillusioned routine threats of violence , molestation, attempts @ expulsion of foreigners, , great difficulty in acquiring english citizenship. dutch cities proved more hospitable, , many left london permanently.

regarding irish in 20th-century great britain, lucassen (2005) argues deep religious divide between protestants , catholics @ core of ongoing estrangement of irish in british society.

united states

heroes of fiery cross 1928, published pillar of fire church

in united states, nativism has long history. term first used 1844, according oxford english dictionary (under nativism ) 1844: whig almanac 1845 4/2 thousands naturalized expressly oppose nativism, , voted polk ticket end.

for while benjamin franklin hostile germans in colonial pennsylvania, reversed himself , became supporter. federalist party in 1798 passed alien , sedition acts lengthened citizenship process 14 years weaken political role of radical immigrants france , ireland. became major political issue in 1800 election; jeffersonians won. welcomed immigrants , repealed of restrictions.

nativism gained name native american parties of 1840s , 1850s. in context native not mean indigenous americans or american indians rather descended inhabitants of original thirteen colonies. impacted politics in mid-19th century because of large inflows of immigrants after 1845 cultures different existing american culture. nativists objected irish roman catholics because of loyalty pope , because of supposed rejection of republicanism american ideal.

nativist movements included know nothing or american party of 1850s, immigration restriction league of 1890s, anti-asian movements in west, resulting in chinese exclusion act of 1882 , gentlemen s agreement of 1907 japan s government stopped emigration united states. labor unions strong supporters of chinese exclusion , limits on immigration, because of fears lower wages , make harder workers organize unions.

historian eric kaufmann has suggested american nativism has been explained in psychological , economic terms due neglect of crucial cultural , ethnic dimension. furthermore, kauffman claims american nativism cannot understood without reference american ethnic group took shape prior large-scale immigration of mid-eighteenth century.

anti-catholic nativism in 19th century

guardians of liberty 1943 bishop alma white

nativist outbursts occurred in northeast 1830s 1850s, in response surge of irish catholic immigration. in 1836, samuel morse ran unsuccessfully mayor of new york city on nativist ticket, receiving 1,496 votes. in new york city, order of united americans founded nativist fraternity, following philadelphia nativist riots of preceding spring , summer, in december, 1844.

in 1849–50 charles b. allen founded nativist society called order of star spangled banner in new york city. in order join order, man had twenty-one, protestant, believer in god, , willing obey without question dictates of order. members of order became known know nothings (a label applied them because if asked said know nothing secret society).

the nativists went public in 1854 when formed american party , hostile immigration of irish catholics , campaigned laws require longer wait time between immigration , naturalization. (the laws never passed.) @ time term nativist first appears, opponents denounced them bigoted nativists. former president millard fillmore ran on american party ticket presidency in 1856. american party included many ex-whigs ignored nativism, , included (in south) few catholics families had long lived in america. conversely, of opposition catholics came protestant irish immigrants , german lutheran immigrants not native @ , can hardly called nativists.

this form of nationalism identified xenophobia , anti-catholic sentiment (anti-papism). in charlestown, massachusetts, nativist mob attacked , burned down catholic convent in 1834 (no 1 injured). in 1840s, small scale riots between catholics , nativists took place in several american cities. in philadelphia in 1844, example, series of nativist assaults on catholic churches , community centers resulted in loss of lives , professionalization of police force. in louisville, kentucky, election-day rioters killed @ least 22 people in attacks on german , irish catholics on aug. 6, 1855, in became known bloody monday. nativist sentiment experienced revival in 1890s, led protestant irish immigrants hostile catholic immigration.

anti-german nativism

from 1840s 1920 german americans distrusted because of separatist social structure, german-language schools, attachment native tongue on english, , neutrality during world war i.

the bennett law caused political uproar in wisconsin in 1890, state government passed law threatened close down hundreds of german-language elementary schools. catholic , lutheran germans rallied defeat governor william d. hoard. hoard attacked german american culture , religion:

must fight alienism , selfish ecclesiasticism.... parents, pastors , church have entered conspiracy darken understanding of children, denied cupidity , bigotry privilege of free schools of state.

hoard, republican, defeated democrats. similar campaign in illinois regarding edwards law led republican defeat there in 1890.

in 1917–1918, wave of nativist sentiment led suppression of german cultural activities in united states, canada , australia. there little violence, many places , streets had names changed (the city of berlin in ontario renamed kitchener after british hero), churches switched english services, , german americans forced buy war bonds show patriotism. in australia thousands of germans put internment camps.

(see also: world war anti-german sentiment)

anti-chinese nativism

in 1870s in western states irish americans targeted violence against chinese workers, driving them out of smaller towns. denis kearney, immigrant ireland, led mass movement in san francisco in 1870s incited attacks on chinese there , threatened public officials , railroad owners. chinese exclusion act of 1882 first of many nativist acts of congress attempted limit flow of immigrants u.s. chinese responded filing false claims of american birth, enabling thousands of them immigrate california. exclusion of chinese caused western railroads begin importing mexican railroad workers in greater numbers ( traqueros ).

20th century

in 1890s–1920s era nativists , labor unions campaigned immigration restriction. favorite plan literacy test exclude workers not read or write own foreign language. congress passed literacy tests, presidents—responding business needs workers—vetoed them. senator henry cabot lodge argued need literacy tests , implication on new immigrants:

it found, in first place, illiteracy test bear heavily upon italians, russians, poles, hungarians, greeks, , asiatics, , lightly, or not @ all, upon english-speaking emigrants, or germans, scandinavians, , french. in other words, races affected illiteracy test emigration country has begun within last twenty years , swelled rapidly enormous proportions, races english speaking people have never hitherto assimilated, , alien great body of people of united states.

responding these demands, opponents of literacy test called establishment of immigration commission focus on immigration whole. united states immigration commission, known dillingham commission, created , tasked studying immigration , effect on united states. findings of commission further influenced immigration policy , upheld concerns of nativist movement.

following world war i, nativists in twenties focused attention on catholics, jews, , south-eastern europeans , realigned beliefs behind racial , religious nativism. racial concern of anti-immigration movement linked closely eugenics movement sweeping united states in twenties. led madison grant s book, passing of great race nativists grew more concerned racial purity of united states. in book, grant argued american racial stock being diluted influx of new immigrants mediterranean, balkans, , polish ghettos. passing of great race reached wide popularity among americans , influenced immigration policy in twenties. in 1920s wide national consensus sharply restricted overall inflow of immigrants, southern , eastern europe. second ku klux klan, flourished in u.s. in 1920s, used strong nativist rhetoric, catholics led counterattack.

after intense lobbying nativist movement united states congress passed emergency quota act in 1921. bill first place numerical quotas on immigration. capped inflow of immigrations 357,803 arriving outside of western hemisphere. however, bill temporary congress began debating more permanent bill.

the emergency quota act followed immigration act of 1924, more permanent resolution. law reduced number of immigrants able arrive 357,803, number established in emergency quota act, 164,687. though bill did not restrict immigration, considerably curbed flow of immigration united states. during late twenties average of 270,000 immigrants allowed arrive because of exemption of canada , latin american countries.

fear of low-skilled immigrants flooding labor market issue in 1920s (focused on immigrants italy , poland), , in first decade of 21st century (focused on immigrants mexico , central america).

an immigration reductionism movement formed in 1970s , continues present day. prominent members press massive, total, reductions in immigration levels.

american nativist sentiment experienced resurgence in late 20th century, time directed @ undocumented workers, largely mexican resulting in passage of new penalties against illegal immigration in 1996.

most immigration reductionists see illegal immigration, principally across united states–mexico border, more pressing concern. authors such samuel huntington have seen recent hispanic immigration creating national identity crisis , presenting insurmountable problems social institutions.

noting large-scale mexican immigration in southwest, cold-war diplomat george f. kennan in 2002 saw unmistakable evidences of growing differentiation between cultures, respectively, of large southern , southwestern regions of country, on 1 hand , , of northern regions . in former, warned:

the culture of bulk of population of these regions tend latin-american in nature rather inherited earlier american traditions ... there little of merit [in america] deserves recklessly trashed in favor of polyglot mix-mash?

meyers argues kennan represented tradition of militant nativism resembled or exceeded know nothings of 1850s. mayers adds kennan believed american women had power.

21st century

by late 2014, tea party movement had turned focus away economic issues, spending, , obamacare, , towards president barack obama s immigration policies, saw threatening transform american society. planned defeat leading republicans supported immigration programs, such senator john mccain. typical slogan appeared in tea party tribune: “amnesty millions, tyranny all.” new york times reported:

what started 5 years ago groundswell of conservatives committed curtailing reach of federal government, cutting deficit , countering wall street wing of republican party has become movement largely against immigration overhaul. politicians, intellectual leaders , activists consider part of tea party have redirected energy fiscal austerity , small government stopping changes legitimize people here illegally, either through granting them citizenship or legal status.

in 2016 bid presidency, republican presidential candidate donald trump has been accused of introducing nativist themes controversial stances on temporarily banning foreign muslims entering united states , erecting substantial wall between us-mexico border halt illegal immigration. journalist john cassidy wrote in new yorker trump transforming gop populist, nativist party:

trump has been drawing on base of alienated white working-class , middle-class voters, seeking remake g.o.p. more populist, nativist, avowedly protectionist, , semi-isolationist party skeptical of immigration, free trade, , military interventionism.

donald brand, professor of political science, argues:

donald trump’s nativism fundamental corruption of founding principles of republican party. nativists champion purported interests of american citizens on of immigrants, justifying hostility immigrants use of derogatory stereotypes: mexicans rapists; muslims terrorists.

language

sticker sold in colorado

american nativists have promoted english , deprecated use of german , spanish. english proponents in late 20th century proposed english language amendment (ela), constitutional amendment making english official language of united states, received limited political support.